Monday, September 30, 2019

Unit 1 Assignment 1 Windows 2008 Network Services

Unit 1 – Assignment 1 – Windows 2008 Network Services If you have a routed local area network and high-speed links that are fairly reliable, you might be able to use one DNS server for a larger, multiple sub-netted network area. If you have a high number of client nodes on a single subnet design, you might want to add more than one DNS server to the subnet to provide backup and failover if the preferred DNS server stops responding.When determining the number of DNS servers you need to use, assess the effect of zone transfers and DNS query traffic on slower links in your network. Although DNS is designed to help reduce broadcast traffic between local subnets, it does create some traffic between servers and clients that should be reviewed, particularly when used in complexly routed LAN or WAN environments. Consider the effects of zone transfer over slower speed links, like those typically used for a wide area network (WAN) connection.Windows 7 Check Your UnderstandingAlth ough the DNS Server service supports incremental zone transfers and DNS clients and servers can cache recently used names, traffic considerations are sometimes still an issue, particularly when DHCP leases are shortened and, as a result, dynamic updates in DNS are performed more frequently. One option for dealing with remote locations on WAN links is to set up a DNS server at these locations to provide caching-only DNS service. With most installations, you should have at least two server computers hosting each of your DNS zones for fault tolerance.DNS was designed to have two servers for each zone, one as a primary server and the other as a backup or secondary server. When making any final determinations about the number of servers to use, first assess the level of fault tolerance you need for your network. Because there is no fixed limit to the maximum number of clients a DHCP server can service or to the number of scopes you can create on a DHCP server, the primary factors to cons ider when you determine the number of DHCP servers to use are network architecture and server hardware.For example, in a single subnet environment, only one DHCP server is necessary, although you may want to use two servers or deploy a DHCP server cluster for increased fault tolerance. In multiple subnet environments, routers must forward DHCP messages between subnets, so router performance can affect your DHCP service. In both cases, DHCP server hardware affects service to clients.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

The Mighty Dung Beetle

While the majority of the human population quivers at the thought of ingesting manure, the mighty dung beetle rises to the challenge, and uses the manure in unique ways. Without dung beetles, pastures would be overrun with manure and flies- and parasites would run amuck. I’m no expert but according to the Sustainable Parasite Management division at the University of Pretoria in South Africa, affectionately known as PU, the dung beetle is beneficial to our environment. They help keep the soil cleaner, reduce pollution and algae formation in our waters, and acts as an organic pooper scooper for our livestock farms. First let’s begin by identifying the different types of dung beetles. These meadow muffin munchers are divided into three classifications, Rollers, Tunnellers and Dwellers. The Rollers do just that.. they roll the prairie patties into smooth, round balls called brood balls. Then they roll the brood balls away to a more desirable location. Once the rollers find the perfect location for their new abode, they bury it into the ground. The female will lay a single egg into the brood ball and then coat and seal it with a mixture of dung, saliva, and of course, her own fecal matter. After the egg hatches, the baby dung beetle devours the dung and lives in the brood ball until it reaches maturity. Then there are the Tunnellers. They dig tunnels in the ground in depths of between a few centimeters to 1 meter. This is large enough for them to live and move around in. Once the tunnel has been dug, they pull the manure in to the tunnel and place it throughout. Inside their new home is where the female lays her eggs. Storing the manure underground helps keep it fresh and protects the growing babies from predators and parasites. The last of the waste managers are the Dwellers who live on top of the pasture patty. The female lays her eggs on top of manure piles, and the entire development from egg to adult takes place inside the pile. Dwellers are smallest of the three and they seem to like cow patties the best for raising a family. The adults can be found in fresh, moist droppings, while the babies are slowly growing in dung that is drying out. Now that you know a little about the different types of dung beetles, let’s see how they are drawn to manure. Dr.  Patricia Richardson, Research Associate at the University of Texas, states, adult dung beetles are drawn to manure by odor. Many are species-specific in that they prefer a certain type of animal manure. Just like people searching for the perfect home, the dung beetle will fly up to ten miles in search of just the right patty. They can attack dung pats within seconds after they drop. Some dung beetles will even hitch a ride near the tails of animals in anticipation of a deposit. Once drawn by the odor, the adults use the liquid contents of the manure for their nourishment. In addition; a single cow patty can attract 60-80 adult flies. That would be a lot of flies if it were not for the competitive dung beetle. With all of the rolling and tunneling and dwelling of the dung beetle, flies and other harmful parasites don’t have a chance. Our society isn’t the first to appreciate the contributions of the dung beetles. The scarab is in the roller family of dung beetles. Yep! The Egyptians have long been known to have a fascination with the dropping dwellers. Jewelry has been crafted and carvings have been drafted in admiration of our mighty dung friends. In summation while the dung beetle keeps the soil cleaner, reduces pollution and algae formation in our waters, and acts as an organic pooper scooper for our livestock farms, it is also important to understand by removing the dung pat from its original location, this helps cut down on the fly population which is attracted to the dung pat. By making tunnels this will increase soil capacity to absorb and hold water. Therefore one can see how the dung beetle is very important to our environment. So if you really look at it, the world would be a much smeller place if it were not for the tireless efforts of the dung beetles.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Analysis of the Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning

An intergovernmental and national institution named as The Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for Africa and Asia (RIMES) has managed and owned by member of states for the purpose of application and generation for the early warning information. The RIMES has been evolved from the combined efforts of Asia and Africa, after 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. RIMES have established to generate the early warning information for identification of hazards and are responsive with trans-boundary hazards. On 30 th April 2009 RIMES has come to existence and 1 st July 2009 its gets registered with UN United Nation. In Thailand Pathumthani the Asian Institute of technology, the RIMES activities are operated as regional early warning center (warning, 2011). To building capacity and providing actionable information related to waning to forewarned, resilient and forearmed communities They are working with the concept of provides maximum benefits at the minimum cost, RIMES works to address both low frequency hazards and high-impact like tsunamis and high frequency hazards and low-impact like extreme weather event . They are utilizing their technological facilities in an optimum way and providing the state of members to support decision information at wider basis. The all the members of the states are urge to provide lower cost for the establishment of the individual early warning system for low frequency hazards and high-impact (Warning, 2011). They are working to meet the information that is need by the different users; they are integrating risk information at different time scale so that the diverse user’s early information warning need meet. They are working to generate the tangible benefits that will be demonstrated by identifying new promising technologies and research products to do pilot testing for powerful operations. The key services that have delivered by RIMES are discussed as follows: To the National Tsunami Warning Centers of States Members RIMES are delivering following services: To the National Hydrological Research and Development and Weather Climate RIMES are delivering following services: Localized and customized generation means that the short-term weather information and server weather generate for the contingency plan and for logistic plan medium-term on formation generated and for long-term planning and   management resources, seasonal climate outlook generated (Anny, 2016). The climate variability and change analysis of risk could be generated by them and identification of   management related risk would be made for the adaption of various options The decision support tool would be developed on timely basis and development for the new risk information product would be generated The Following services are provided by the RIMES to the local and national level institute For providing the regional benefits the observations are being maintained and established and stations are being monitored (Robin, 2016). They are providing proper training to scientist The tool that they are used includes risk assessment and interpretation and translation of early warning. In decision making process the application of risk information being tailored The early warning system is also done by RIMES on need basis The SWOT analysis of RIMES will be discussed under this heading so that the organizational behavior framework could conduct The strength of RIMES includes that it is a collaborative efforts of Africa and Asia to generate early warning to save from any sort of hazards. The members from all the states are ready to serve at any cost. The best scientists are working with in the premises of RIMES to deliver their best services to generate the warning that could be save people from high and low impact of hazards (Kurittal, 2000) The RIMES weaknesses are that the scientists are on some basis are not be able to generate the results that are useful because the provision of generating warning might be not corrected although they are working with high quality techs products (Pinder, 2013). The main opportunities of RIMES are that they members of state from the nations are working to provide more tech full resources and they are working to bring advancement in the risk assessment products so that the provision of delivering results will became more authentic and valuable and are useful for them to keep them save from any sort of difficulties (Kuyngus, 2000) As they are working on the global scale they are facing many of the threats from their competitive firms that they might steal their technologies that will be biggest threats to them as they are aiming to work to provide best quality provision The function that is made to achieve the organizational set goals are composed of two or more than two people is defined as the social system that forms an organization. The organization is a place where two or more persons works to gather for the accomplishment of organizational set goals. The way in which an organization structured and organization plays its fundamental role for accomplishment and achievement of organization and individual both. The play a role that is based on the efficacy and efficiency for organization success and satisfaction that is intended to both of an individual and organization (Miner, 2015). The Concept of OB is developed in to identify the behavior of each and every individual and how its affect the organization and individual behavior. The organizational behavior is concept that needs to focus on all perspective to find out its impact on the performance of employees and organization. The concept of OB is developed with purpose to study the human behavior that what basically human mind perceived in order to understand that how effective his thinking for the organization performance (Wagner, 2014). The theories of organizational behavior try to elucidate on the specific behavior of people and to identify environment of organization to find out the factors that affects the individual performance, to identify the level of commitment towards the achievement of goals, to identify the influences of managerial style and leadership style for formulating the overall performance of organization and most importantly to identify the interaction between employers and employees. Thus it has found that the impact of organizational theories found significant to the performance of the organization and these all factors are important to consider for the performance evaluation of organization. The organizations are focusing to use these theories so that the productive of the firm will increase in effective and efficient manner (Durbin, 2013). In the selected organization RIMES are looking significantly into the matters of having a good organization performance those results in better productivity within effective and efficient manner.   The two main theories that are used by RIMES in order to make their performance effective and productive and these two main concepts are planning and organizing. The first main concept that is needed to focus is planning is a very major step organization should have a very enrich concern regarding the planning because a careful planning would lead it to its destination. This planning provides a baseline to achieve the goal it is required to have a careful planning for every start to move towards achieving the goals. The goals are being divided into different task and each task need to be monitor time to time and for this organization should survey and communicate to each other for the better understanding (Greenberg, 2013) It is very important to monitor each task with an open eye; supervisor and upper   management should have to monitor each task for better performance than it is very important to evaluate the results and this result will help an organization to make decision where the need improvements and for this they need to communicate the result within the organization. The organizations performance not only depends on productivity, effectiveness of market, profitability, and customer satisfaction but also depends on employee morals so the performance   management is very necessary step in the organization which is highly influential for employee’s satisfaction then to the organization performance thus the RIMES are focusing on the core of their heart to carefully design their planning activities so that the stated long term goals could be achieved by formulating short term and midterm goals. The planning is the most important factor to look up because of the base is wrong than the results will not effective (Bolnio, 2013). The second perspective defines about the organizing the activities in an easiest way to accomplish the goals in more effective manner. The organizing task according to the set plan is fundamental to obtain effective and efficient result. Further the organizational structure is very important to focus. The design structure should be impairment in the sense that organizing will be beneficial for the firms (Wegite, 2013). The organization structure of RIMES is based on the leadership style design. The organization structure is designed in a way to be convenient for interaction between different firms in countries and headquarters.   The proper linked is required to maintain among countries and headquarters so that the overall objectives could be achieved in effective and efficient manner. RIMES are focusing to maintain the coordinating activities more profound so that the problem could be resolve and miscommunication gap could be minimized. RIMES has faced difficulties while maintain the coordinating activities between different countries and headquarters, they are developing strategies on early basis to get rid of this miscommunication issue so that the effective result generate which is the sign of efficient and effective productivity (Papio, 2016). RIMES are working with full efforts to organize its organizational structure in way that follows leadership style that is beneficial to them in order to eradicate the communication gap so that the communication between firms will become easier to interact with several issues so that the generated problems could overcome. RIMES have developed different strategies that are playing their effective role in order to remove the miscommunication gap (Benner, 2013). In this context the applied leadership theory and style that is focused by the RIMES is discussed. The author of the study stated that the leadership styles are fundamental to the organization performance that needs to be focused very sharply. The leadership is generic skills that are implemented in by leader to work as a team that is beneficial and supportive to organizational culture to maintain the performance. The leadership style is supportive to the performance of organization that working in a team would generate the effective performance. The author of the study stated that the leaders are the one who leads people and don’t emphasize on ordering them to do work, the leader work cohesiveness and guide each and every individual of organization in order to have better performance and they encourage to work as a team rather than to be alone (piner, 2013). The leadership style is defines by two main function of phases that are transitional phase of leadership and transformational phase of leadership. The phase of leadership that are based on the composition of team that defines mission and establish expectations with stated goals, plan and structure, develop the team and train them and provide feedback these all activities done under the active phase. These functions are evolve in monitoring of the team and set boundaries and solves problem with in the limited provide resources and second style of leadership style phase is transformational phase, this is the phase in which leadership style is based on the activities to enhance coordination between groups and its members in order to generate the effective and efficient result and they are working under the leadership style to resolve the conflict that arises due to the misconception and mismanagement. And another type of leadership style is also existing that is known as the laissez-fai re leadership style that emphasize in the learning of members of groups in order to have the efficient and effective results (Marion 2014). The RIMES leadership style is based on the all of the above leadership phases they have transformational leader in their organization that are emphasizing on the composition of team that defines mission and establish expectations with stated goals, plan and structure, develop the team and train them and provide feedback and the evolve the monitoring process in order to have an effective results. The RIMES also follows the transformational leadership style in which the leaders are emphasizing on activities to enhance coordination between groups and its members in order to generate the effective and efficient result and they are working under the leadership style to resolve the conflict that arises due to the misconception and mismanagement so that the better result could be generated and on some extent the RIMES are also focusing on the emphasizing of   laissez-faire leadership style that emphasize in the learning of members of groups in order to have the efficient and effective res ults for RIMES (walker, 2015). The management approaches that has been implemented by RIMES are stated as follows They are following this approach because the intend to make decision on the basis of team work they provide complete freedom to all of their groups members to participate in decision making process so that the effective result could be generated (Hock, 2016). They are following this approach that has been applied to the countries offices representatives. This type of leadership style is based on the process to follow rules and process and top structure of the organization usually make decision in premises of RIMES. They are following this approach and is usually applied on personal securities and accountant of RIMES that they have complete right to make their own decision to complete each task. It may on some extent make frustration for employees as well (Famdaze, 2014). The RIMES are focusing on this approach and providing their employees a learning sharing environment and they have right to make their own decision and prefer to work in a team (Corea, 2015). It has been analyzed in the end that the RIMES have proper planning system and well maintained organization structure in which all are playing their role in effective and efficient manner to generate the better performance in the firm they are focusing on the emphasizing of leadership style to have a complete command over employees so that the best possible result could made that is useful for the organization, RIMES is working to maintain their coordination will all the countries to have direct linked with the organization so that all types of problems that has been faced due to the communication gap could be resolve at early basis. Their leadership style is quite impressive and maintainable It has been concluded at the end that the report is based on the introduction of RIMES and their services and activities are present and SWOT analysis of RIMES is mention that is revealing about the performance of RIMES. The framework of organizational behavior in which the theories of organizational behavior has been discussed and two main concept of planning and organizing is discussed which is based on the premises of RIMES perspective that what are their planning style and concept and according to the them the planning is most important step that is the base of the organization performance and then the organization structure of RIMES has been discussed that is designed in way to cover the communication gap. Then the leadership style and phases are discussed in the other section of report that is defining that the RIMES emphasizes on all three forms of leadership style that is transactional leadership, transformational leadership, and laissez-faire leadership style that are playin g vital role for generating effective performance. Warning, R. I. M. H. E. (2011). System for Africa and Asia (RIMES). 2011.  Development of High-Resolution Regional Climate Model for the Maldives, through Statistical and Dynamic Downscaling of Global Climate Models to Provide Projections for Use in National and Local Planning. Report No. 3: Downscaling Process, Results, and Uncertainties. Anay aqnd Robbin (2016), working activities of The Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for Africa and Asia (RIMES), the economic journal, p123-213. Kurttila, M., Pesonen, M., Kangas, J., & Kajanus, M. (2000). Utilizing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in SWOT analysis—a hybrid method and its application to a forest-certification case. The Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for Africa and Asia (RIMES)  Forest policy and economics,  1(1), 41-52. Miner, J. B. (2015).  Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Wagner III, J. A., & Hollenbeck, J. R. (2014).  Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge. DuBrin, A. J. (2013).  Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. Bolino, M. C., Klotz, A. C., Turnley, W. H., & Harvey, J. (2013). Exploring the dark side of organizational citizenship behavior.  Journal of Organizational Behavior,  34(4), 542-559. Greenberg, J., & Colquitt, J. A. (Eds.). (2013).  Handbook of organizational justice. Psychology Press. Pinder, C. C. (2014).  Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Greenberg, J. (Ed.). (2013).  Organizational behavior: The state of the science. Routledge. Weigelt, C., & Miller, D. J. (2013). Implications of internal organization structure for firm boundaries.  Strategic Management Journal,  34(12), 1411-1434. Papaioannou, G. I., Chatzis, D. G., Kotsanis, A., Sionis, D. G., Pavlides, G., Arampatzis, C. A., ... & Mihalis, L. (2014). Organization, structure and data of the Hellenic Heart Registry on Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: a step forward towards outcomes research.  Hellenic J Cardiol,  55(3), 227-234. Ben-Ner, A. (2013). Preferences and organization structure: Toward behavioral economics micro-foundations of organizational analysis.  The Journal of Socio-Economics,  46, 87-96. Pinder, C. C. (2014).  Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Moriano, J. A., Molero, F., Topa, G., & Mangin, J. P. L. (2014). The influence of transformational leadership and organizational identification on intrapreneurship.  International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,  10(1), 103-119. Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., Walker, L. S., & Woehr, D. J. (2014). Gender and perceptions of leadership effectiveness: A meta-analysis of contextual moderators. Hoch, J. E., & Kozlowski, S. W. (2014). Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership.  Journal of applied psychology,  99(3), 390. Fernandez, L., Velasquez, M., & Sua, L. F. (2014). Endobronchial Interventions Used In The Managemet Of Malignant Central Airway Obstruction: Initial Experience At A Reference Center In South America. In  C39. THE SPY WHO LOVED BRONCHOSCOPY: ADVANCES IN INTERVENTIONAL PULMONARY PROCEDURES  (pp. A4399-A4399). American Thoracic Society. Correa, R., Basta, N., Andrade, A., & Flores, J. G. (2015, November). The Integrated Approach to Formation Water Management 2: Field Applications and Best Practices. In  SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Hospitals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hospitals - Essay Example Services include more difficult treatment options such as traumatic brain injury repair and spinal cord injuries. This non-profit hospital appears to provide a higher standard of care than other hospitals in Chicago. Much of the funding for this hospital comes from donations from large benefactors and private donators as well. Many of the patients at Schwab Rehabilitation Hospital are also on some form of public assistance which helps the hospital receive more patient revenues. A governmental hospital in Chicago is the Alton Mental Health Center which is fully funded by government agencies. This is a psychiatric treatment hospital in which patients are residents. The typical patient is urban and the hospital specializes in psychiatric treatment for people who have committed crimes or are dangers to society or to themselves. Alton Mental Health Center has high technology treatment facilities backed by government

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Report Project On Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Report Project On Obesity - Essay Example for differences in height and weight, it does not distinguish between mass due to say accumulated body fat and mass due to having more muscles, neither does it account for the distribution of body fat in any way. These aspects play a critical role in determining the health risk an individual faces. For children, BMI needs to be adjusted for age and gender since there is a different growth pattern amongst boys and girls of different age. This therefore implies that it wouldn’t be possible to have a single universal classification of obesity in children (The NHS Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics., 2012). Morbidly obese: 40 and over: Morbidly obese adults have a very high health risk. Additionally, they have lots of health complications such as hypertension and diabetes that can be directly attributed to the increased weight. Due to the excess weight, the patients also find it mobility a more difficult task. Using the Finished Admission Episode (FAE), which is the first period of inpatient care under one consultant within one healthcare provider, a graph of obesity against time between the year 2000 and 2011 grouped by gender is shown in figure 1 below. One of the potential causes of obesity is lack of physical activity. As such, the level of physical activity of a respondent may influence their potential for becoming obese. Data on levels of physical activities of adults is available for the years 1997, 1998, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008 from the HSE 2010 trends table. An attempt at establishing whether there is a connection between obesity and physical activity is achieved through literature review. In particular, a check at the sections on obesity and physical activity in adults (page 18) and similarly for children (page 24) in the report â€Å"Statistics on obesity, physical activity and diet: England 2012† (2012) reveals that there is an apparent connection between obesity and physical activity. There is potential for obesity to have long run harmful

W3a2-frank lloyd wright Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

W3a2-frank lloyd wright - Assignment Example The movement was anti-industrial and pushed for social and economic reforms. Frank Lloyd also designed the building in Prairie style to promote the philosophy of organic architecture which promoted harmonization between the structure and its natural site. The Frank Wright Home was designed during the Victorian Shingle architectural period by Architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Frank Lloyd in the design of the his home, he based the plan on the Shingle architectural elements including asymmetrical floor plan, porches, irregular roof line, cross gables, eaves on several levels, and continuous wood shingles on siding and roof. He used the building as a site for experimentation by designing it multiple times to refine his ideas. The design was influenced by the nineteenth century culture whereby he drew most of the inspirational ideas. He borrowed the transcendentalists ideas of Ralph Emerson and Henry Thoreau who advocated for an honest life inspired by the nature. Wrights principles in designing the building were influenced by the Arts and crafts movement which promoted simplicity and craftsmanship in architecture. The plan and interior of the building was influenced by the household art movement which aimed at bringing art into homes (Unite d States. National Park Service) Frank Lloyd Wright designed and constructed the house for himself and his family while he was working at the Adler and Sullivan firm in Chicago. The building with two floors, Wright used it for experimentation of his architectural skills by revising its design several times. The exterior of the structure featured the Shingle architectural elements which were fashionable for the vaction homes of the wealthy East Coast families. The interior of the building liberates space with the groung floor featuring a suite of rooms arranged around. The interior structure of the

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nuclear Non-Proliferation - Essay Example Many theories exist on the 'why' and 'how' of nuclear proliferation such as 'classical realism' and 'neo-realism' but what is generally accepted is that the locus is external in nature. As per Fry, "If a state bids for hegemony, other states willform an alliance to contain and deter the expansion-revisionist states" (Fry 3). This is based on the assumption that states seek to, "maximize their power in order to survive in a competitive international system," (Ogilvie-White 44). Hence, nations who see a perceived threat to their national interests or in extreme cases to their very existence (as in the caser of Israel) seek to acquire a nuclear deterrent since "security represents the intimate challenge to a states survival (Ogilvie-White, 45). This theoretical debate is best exemplified by the arguments propounded by Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz in their book 'The Spread of Nuclear Weapons, A Debate' (New York: WW Norton and Company, 1995). This scholarly debate has two basic schools, one that views states as unitary, rational entities and the other which feels that proliferation occurs as an outcome of organizational interests. Both views have their merits and limitations as will be expanded upon. However, it is quite apparent that given existing geo-political realities, more and more states will seek to acquire nuclear weapon capabilities as a safeguard against nuclear blackmail. The first school of thought, led by Kenneth Waltz are the proliferation 'optimists' in that they feel that nuclear proliferation is not necessarily a negative outcome, and that contrary to popular belief, it may even have contributed to world peace. According to this theory of 'rational deterrence', "once more than one state has acquired a second-strike capability, war between the nuclear armed states is unlikely to occur, due to the fact that mutual destruction is almost assured" (Waltz 1990, 734). Waltz argues that near parity in nuclear weapon capability leads to a reduced probability of armed conflict on account of the prohibitive costs of waging war; unacceptable levels of mutual destruction; and lesser chances of miscalculation by the political leadership, since the ramifications such miscalculation would be catastrophic. This theory certainly gains some credibility when one considers that there has been no all-out war between two nuclear powers. However, Waltz qualifies this optimism by laying down certain pre-conditions that have to exist for stable deterrence. These are firstly, that "there should be no preventive war while a state is developing its nuclear capability; secondly, "both states must develop a sufficient second-strike force to retaliate if attacked first; and thirdly, "the nuclear arsenals must not be prone to unauthorized or accidental use" (Sagan and Waltz, 51). This position seems quite reasonable since nuclear wars are more likely in conditions of asymmetry, even though the asymmetry might be in terms of conventional military capability. It also reinforces the rationale of states seeking to acquire nuclear weapons capability in order to maintain the balance of power through nuclear deterrence. This would be particularly true of states which see themselves surrounded by inimical neighbors, as in the case of

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Evaluate the career opportunities and challenges for a new Essay

Evaluate the career opportunities and challenges for a new practitioner in the film discipline - Essay Example It should be noted that the film industry have evolved majorly since 1880 and for nearly century and half it has become the main source of entertainment for the society (Rousseau 2012, p.132). The growth in the film industry has also led to the growth in the size; thus, the employment opportunities. The film industry has engulf numerous sectors due to the advancement in the technology and societal expectation thereby providing numerous job opportunities in line with acting, producing, directing, editing, special effect management, designing, and even adaption and translation (Hjort 2013, p.45). Other than acting, film discipline offers development in dram techniques that involves particularly fiction. Fiction is a human performance of theater. It is complex and combines numerous transitional elements to arouse feelings, ideas, as well as unique state of mind to the audients. Despite the career opportunities in filming industry, the industry also poses the numerous challenges; thus, t his easy aims at analyzing numerous career opportunities and challenges in the film profession. Career opportunities that practitioner of the film discipline varies with the interest line or profession that an individual is in interested to pursue. Despite the general introduction to the discipline, the practitioners may opt to specialize at different levels of study mainly in undergraduate or graduate levels. Some of the major career opportunities that filming for the practitioners includes animation, narrative, documentary, production, and screenwriting as well as dancing (Smith & Dean 2009, p.167). The studies of films and its related disciplines involve critical examination of theatre, film, music, dance, performance, and dramaturgy. Moreover, film production also requires the analysis of the performance of actors and film producers. Despite the career line of film studies, the field requires the studies of history of theatre, acting, dramatic theory and criticism,

Monday, September 23, 2019

Organizational Behavior Analysis Proposal for McDonald's Essay

Organizational Behavior Analysis Proposal for McDonald's - Essay Example McDonald is not living up to its stated set of vision and values. The company allegedly uses unethical methods to make increased profits at the expense of customers’ health and social condition of the employees. McDonald has also been criticized for targeting children with their advertisements by exposing them to unhealthy eating habits. This has contributed to the high levels of obesity and other health complications. The company has also been accused of passing their French fries as vegetarian, whereas they add beef broth. The company has failed to provide nutrition information about its food products to the public. The company has also contributed to environmental degradation. An organization named People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has accused the company of using cruel means when slaughtering chicken (Derdak 107). The analysis also involves analyzing organizational factors that have an influence on individual behaviors. The big five personality trait can be used to analyze individuals within the organization. The big five personality traits include extraversion, which refers to a person who is talkative social and assertive. Agreeableness describes a cooperative, trustworthy and accomplished person. Conscientiousness refers to a person who is responsible, orderly, and dependable. Neuroticism describes a person who is anxious and is prone to depression and worries. Openness means a person is imaginative and independent minded. Personality in organization analysis refers to individual and group level performance. A personality trait such as cooperative or deviant behavior and performance affects the overall performance of an organization.

Sunday, September 22, 2019

High School Dropouts Essay Example for Free

High School Dropouts Essay It’s been known for years that young people who do not earn a high school diploma face many more problems later in life than people who graduate. Dropouts are more likely to be unemployed, have poor health, live in poverty, be on public assistance, and be single parents. It all began in the 1960’s when students started to drop out due to the racial discriminations and gang violence. . High school drop outs have been a very serious problem in the United States. Here in this essay I will clarify how high school dropouts is a problem that should be solved. High school dropouts have been a continuous matter for many generations. Pregnancy, poor grades, truancy, low income, and bad behavior are the main causes of dropouts. Which leads for young people to more likely to unemployed, live in poverty and be depending on the help of the government. Approximately 7,000 high school students drop out every school day, which translates to one in three students. Once students make the decision to drop out, they lack the tools to compete in todays society and diminish their chances for greater success in the future. Many years of failure and frustration can also lead for a person to dropout. The loss of motivation, source of support and encouragement lead students to not believe in them selves and only find the solution to drop out. Now in days, there are many options for high school dropouts. The government offers students to enroll themselves in vocational and trade school or non traditional schools. Which allow students to finish the rest of their credits or receive there GED. Vocational schools allow for students to study the field in which they are interested in. This is an effective option as most students that drop out struggle with some classes, but excel in a class that they enjoy. Of course the best solution is for students to stay in school, but if a student is going to drop out there are options to help him or her get the education and experiences to help him or her to succeed. There is defiantly many advantages in these programs. Dropouts have the opportunity at a second chance to be successful. The only disadvantage there can possibly be only relies on the individual. The person is the only responsible one and it is up to them if they truly want to commit themselves to an education. If the person does not commit themselves they will only loose the chance and go back to the possibility of being unemployed or getting paid minimum wage for the rest of there life. It is important for young people to take school seriously in order to prevent a very unfortunate future. In my opinion I think that the best solution is to stay in school. It will prevent people from having to deal with unemployment and poverty. Staying school will allow students to achieve there goals and most of all make others feel proud of you as well. High school can defiantly open many doors only if he or she is committed to their education and motivated. It is time for people to make a difference and speak to future generations regarding there education. Preventing dropouts can certainly change the world in the future.

Friday, September 20, 2019

The Operation System Process Control Management Information Technology Essay

The Operation System Process Control Management Information Technology Essay In this Project, the project is divided into two sections. The first section is Operation System where process control management is selected as the research area. The first section consists of the investigation of what type of scheduling mechanism used in Window Vista and how Window Vista handles the process and thread. The internal system structure is also discussed in the first section. Besides that, different process algorithm will be identify and determine which process algorithm is the best. Lastly problem faced by process control management in Window Vista is also discussed. In the second section which is Computer System Architecture, Microprocessor have been chose n as the research area. Major trends affecting the microprocessor performance and design are identified and differences between microprocessor design goal for laptop. Server, desktop and embedded system will be discussed. Section1: Operation System-Process Control Management Introduction According to techterms.com, Operation System can be described as the program which allocates memory, processes tasks or instruction and serves as the user interfaces. In this document, Window Vista has been selected as the Operation System of the research. Types of scheduling mechanisms employed, creation and handling of process or thread and internal system structure Type of scheduling mechanism used in Window Vista Window Vista is one of the NT-Based operating created by Microsoft. The type of scheduling which NT-based operating system use is the Multilevel Feedback Queue (MLFQ). Englander (2009) described MLFQ as an attempt to combine the several features of different algorithms such as First in First Out, Round robin and Priority algorithm. In Window vista, its uses the MLFQ with 32 priority level which were defined from 0 to 31.The priority 0 through 15 are categories as normal priority while priority 16 through 31 are categories as soft real time priorities which require privilege to assign a thread . Besides that, the priority level of a thread may be changed according to the input, output or the CPU usage. Multilevel Feedback Queue Scheduling Multilevel Feedback Queue Scheduling main idea is to separate processes with different CPU-burst characteristic. In MLFQ, dispatcher will provide a number of queues with different priority. When a process is processed in queue 1 and requires a long time, it will be moved to queue 2 and waits for its turn to be processed again while all the process in queue 1 finish processed. This process will continue as much level as how many queues are provided by the dispatcher. In the last queue of MLFQ, it uses the Round Robin scheduling which will continue to provide time until the previous process is executed. However, when an input or output bound jobs occur, the kennels may change the priority level of the process and the process will be directed to the queue of the priority. There are also different factor which would affect MLFQ such as the number of queue, scheduling algorithm of each queue and method used to determine the priority level of the process. The diagram below show how a MLFQ function. CPU CPU P P P P CPU P P P P PNew Process Level 1 q=1 Level 2 q=2 Level N Q=2n (Figure Extracted from The Architecture of Computer Hardware and System Software, Drawn by Yap Kient Loong) Creation and handling of process or thread In the previous version of windows OS, the kernel scheduler had to make some unfair assumption regard tread execution time because the CPU cycle counters were not considered. For example, according to the diagram below, unfairness occur when two threads with same priority is ready to run at the same time. Thread a runs until the next time-slice internal expiration and the scheduler assume that it had run for the interval and its turn is finish .After that the thread B runs for a full interval. Threads A and B become ready to run Thread A Thread B Idle Interrupt Interval 1 Interval 2 (Figure Extracted from: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2007.02.vistakernel.aspx, Drawn by Yap Kient Loong) In Window Vista, in order to provide fairness, CPU cycle counting is introduced. The scheduler would use the cycle counter register to determine how may CPU cycles a thread proceeded and the scheduler would be able to figure out the turn on the CPU by estimating the number of cycle the CPU capable to execute in a clock interval. The scheduler would not keep track of the interrupt during thread a turns which mean a thread will always obtain a turn on the CPU which would provide greater fairness. The diagram below show that at least one time slices is given to both threads. Threads A and B become ready to run Thread A Thread B Idle Interrupt Interval 1 Interval 2 Interval 3 (Figure Extracted from http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2007.02.vistakernel.aspx, Drawn by Yap Kient Loong) Internal System Structure In the internal system structure of Vista, Window Vista uses MLFQ to process and execute the new process. In MLFQ, when a new process is entered into the dispatcher, the process is being processed in queue1 with the highest priority and if the quantum of the process is finished before it is executed, the process will be moved to the queue2 with lower priority and it will waits for its next turn after the processes in queue1 finish processed. This situation will keep on continue depending on the level of queue provided by the dispatcher and in the last queue, round robin algorithm is used to provide time until the process is complete. Besides that, the priority of the thread may be changed by the input/output and the CPU usage and the thread will be directed to the queue of the new priority. In window vista, when a thread is interrupted, cycle counter register will be used to determine that how much cycle a thread had processed after estimate number of cycle CPU executed in a clock in terval and the scheduler would not keep track of the interrupt and the thread will be able to obtain a turn on the CPU. Other Process Algorithm and determine which is the best Non-preemptive According to stargazer.bridport.edu (2011), non-preemptive algorithms are designed that once the process is allowed to process, it will not be removed from the processor until it has completed. First-in, first-out(FIFO) FIFO algorithm will assign the priority to processes in the order which they request the processor. The first process who requests the processor would be given the highest priority .However, FIFO scheduling is unfair because the short process would have to wait for the long process to be completed before it could be processed. Shortest job first(SJF) In SJF, the process is given priority according to the length of the next CPU burst of a process which means the lower burst time the higher priority of the process. The biggest advantages of this algorithm are that it is optimal and provide the minimum average time. Preemptive According to stargazer.bridport.edu (2011), preemptive algorithms are designed that the process with the highest priority should be using a processor. If a higher priority enters the queue, the process within the processor would be removed and return to the queue until it was the highest priority. Round Robin(RR) According to Englander (2009),Round robin is the simplest preemptive algorithm. RR provides each process a quantum of time, when the quantum of time of the process finish it will be return to the back of the queue and waits its turn. This process will continue until each process is completely processed. The diagram below had shown that SJF would have the shortest average turnaround time which means that Shortest Job First would be the best among the algorithm with the same burst time while First-In First Out would be the worst algorithm because it has the longest average turnaround time which is 13.4 Milliseconds. Type of algorithm FIFO SJF RR Waiting Time 48 Milliseconds 16 Milliseconds 29 Milliseconds Average Waiting Time 9.6 Milliseconds 3.2 Milliseconds 5.8 Milliseconds Turnaround Time 67 Milliseconds 35 Milliseconds 48 Milliseconds Average Turnaround Time 13.4 Milliseconds 7 Milliseconds 9.6 Milliseconds (Figure Source: Shanmugam, K. (2011). CPU Scheduling, Drawn by Yap Kient Loong) Problem faced using these techniques of process control management and solution used to overcome them Problem: Starvation In Window Vista, there are possible for starvation of MLFQ if new process continue to enter the queue. Starvation is a situation where a process is not given the CPU time for it to be executed. For example in MLFQ, when a process enter queue1, it was allowed to execute for 1 time unit and it was preempted to queue2.In queue2,the process is allowed to execute for 2 time unit and this situation keep on repeating until the process is fully executed. This has shown that when a process is preempted to the next queue, the process will receive more time unit and a longer process may still suffer from starvation. In order to solve this problem, the process should be promoted to a higher priority queue after the process has waited a long time to be executed. Conclusion (Operating System) In Conclusion, although there are different kind of algorithm, window Vista have selected Multilevel Feedback Queue to handle the process and thread because MLFQ have combined several features from FIFO, Round Robin and Priority algorithm. Besides that.in order to provide fairness, Vista had introduced CPU cycle counting had been introduced to ensure fairness of the process. Frequently Ask Question (FAQ) What is Starvation? Starvation is a situation where process is not given the CPU time for it to be executed. What is FIFO? First In, First Out is an algorithm which assign the priority to processes in the order which they request the processor. What is SJF? Shortest Job first is an algorithm where the process is given priority according to the length of the next CPU burst of a process. Limitation (Operation System) The FIFO process algorithm may cause delay or loss for real-time application because it treats all short or long process equally according to the order when they request the processor no matter of its priority. The round robin process algorithm assumes all process equally important. However for example, when three process starts at the same time and each process require 2 time slice. By comparing the result with FIFO, RR may require more time. Although RR is fair but it is inefficient. MFLQ process algorithm may provide fairness to the process by using CPU cycle counting .However longer process would still need to overcome problem such as Starvation. Section 2: Computer System Architecture Introduction According to webopedia.com, microprocessor is defined as a silicon chip which contains a central processing unit (CPU).Nowadays, microprocessor is widely used in our daily electronic devices because microprocessor is responsible for performing the instruction and function of a computer and manipulates the data from software and transfer information between hardware component such as keyboard and memory. The table below will show some of the trends which affect the performance and design of the microprocessor. Name Date Transistors Microns Clock Speed Data width MIPS 8080 1974 6,000 6 2 MHz 8 bits 0.64 8088 1979 29,000 3 5 MHz 16 bits 8-bit bus 0.33 80826 1982 134,000 1.5 6 MHz 16 bits 1 80386 1985 275,000 1.5 16 MHz 32 bits 5 80486 1989 1200,000 1 25 MHz 32 bits 20 Pentium 1993 3,100,000 0.8 60 MHz 32 bits 64-bitbus 100 Pentium II 1997 7,500,000 0.35 233 MHz 32 bits 64-bitbus ~300 Pentium III 1999 9,500,000 0.25 450 MHz 32 bits 64-bitbus ~510 Pentium 4 2000 42,000,000 0.18 1.5 GHz 32 bits 64-bitbus ~1,700 Pentium 4 Prescott 2004 125,000,000 0.09 3.6 GHz 32 bits 64-bitbus ~7,000 (Figure Source available from: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor1.htm, drawn by Yap Kient Loong) Major trends affecting microprocessors performance and design Pipelining According to techterm.com, pipelining can enable multiple instructions to be able to process at the same time. For example, in the past processor without pipelining is not capable to process two instructions at the same time. Pipelining enable the microprocessor to be able to fetch the second instruction while the microprocessor is decoding the first instruction. Pipelining also help to reduce the cycle time of the microprocessor which enhance the ability of the microprocessor to be able to fetch, decode and execute the instruction faster and more efficient. Clock Rate Another trend that was affecting the microprocessor is the Clock speed or clock rate. According to techterm.com, clock rate can be defined as the rate at which a processor can complete a processing cycle. This prove that microprocessor with a higher clock rate will be able to process an information faster. However, different element such as architectures of the processor, cache size and the speed of ram would also affect the clock rate of the processor. Transistors The number of transistor is also one of the important trends that affect the processor because transistor plays a huge role in transmitting the instruction. By increasing the number of transistor, the microprocessor would be able to perform better performance because the clock speed is increased. However, by increasing the number of transistor, more heat will be generated. Size Size of the processor has always been one of the trends that affect the design of the microprocessor. By reducing the size of the size of the microprocessor, it will allow the devices to be able to execute the instruction at higher clock rate. This is because by reducing the size, the circuit pathways are also reduced. Therefore, the processor would require less time to process the information and help to improve the process speed of the processor. However, maintaining the devices temperature would be difficult because the smaller the device, the hotter the temperature Multicore Multicore technologies have been one of the major trends which affect the design nowadays because the performance of the processor is greatly. According to Webpodia.com, Multicore is described as a type of architecture where a single physical processor contain more than or two core logic of processor. By using the multicore technology, the microprocessor would enable better multitasking and be able to process the information faster. This is because while the first instruction is being process, the second instruction will be processed by the other core which will help to increase the efficiently of the system. Differences between microprocessors design goal for laptops, servers, desktop and embedded system Microprocessor had been used widely in technology nowadays and has become one of technology which we would require. This is because microprocessor is required to execute and process the instruction from the user. However, microprocessor is also divided into few categories such as laptops microprocessor and server microprocessor to obtain the optimise performance. The table below will show the difference between the different kinds of microprocessor. Type of Microprocessor Desktop Laptop Server Embedded High Power Consumption Yes No No No Heat generated High Low Low Low Stability High High Highest High (Figure Differences between different Microprocessor, drawn by Yap Kient Loong) Desktop Microprocessor The main design goal of desktop microprocessor is to provide the maximum performance of the system to the user and keeping the power consumption in a reasonable limit. This microprocessor is also design to be able to handle high performances or complex application or program such as high graphical games and multimedia. Besides that, desktop microprocessors also enable better multi-tasking due to higher clock speed to increase the efficiency. Laptop Microprocessor The main design goal of laptop microprocessor is to enable the laptop consume less power and be able to run cooler compared to different type of microprocessor and enhance portability. This is because a laptop is not capable to fit large heat sinks just like a desktop and may cause uneasiness to the user due to the heat generated. Therefore the microprocessor should be able generate less heat which replaced the problem of large cooling system and enable the laptop to have a longer battery life. Server Microprocessor Server microprocessor main design goal is to be able to maximize the robustness of the server and availability and stability of the server. Besides that, a server microprocessor should also have low power consumption, less heat generated and capable to allocate the resources of processor for system cache. The main priority of the microprocessor is to be able to process and execute instruction fast in order to respond to the customers request quickly. Therefore the reliability and availability has become one of the most important factors to the design of the microprocessor nowadays. Embedded System Microprocessor Embedded System microprocessors are microprocessors which are embedded in automobile, industrial control system or medical field devices. Each of the devices would have its own function and require a microprocessor to process instruction. Due to the constraints on the size, power consumption and area usage of the microprocessor, the design of the microprocessor had been difficult to the designer. Therefore an embedded system microprocessors design goal should be able to consume less power and generate less heat in order to have the maximise performance of the devices. Conclusion In conclusion, there are a lot of trends which would affect the performance of the microprocessor. In order to fulfil the requirement of the user ,the design of the microprocessor have been modified through time in order to provide the best performance to the user such as the increase of transistor ,reduce the size of the microprocessor and new technology such as Multi-core technology. Each To fulfil the requirement of the user, microprocessor have been divided into different kind of microprocessor and each kind of microprocessor is designed with different goal and motive. Frequently Ask Question (FAQ) What is Microprocessor? Microprocessor is a silicon chip which contains a central processing unit which performs instruction and function of a computer. How Pipelining affect the microprocessor? Pipelining can enable multiple instructions to be able to process at the same time by the processor which can enhance the clock rate and performance. What is embedded system microprocessor? Embedded System microprocessors are microprocessors which are embedded in automobile, industrial control system or medical field devices which help to process instruction from the devices. Limitation (Computer System Architecture) The Microprocessor might get overheat after a long period of usage due to the static which pass through the transistor within the microprocessor. The speed of microprocessor is limited due to the transmission delay and heat build-up on the chip. Microprocessor is limited to do a one thing at a time with only a small amount of data. Although several microprocessors can be operated simultaneously, each processor is only capable to handle a small amount of data at one time. (3010 word)

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Othellos Impact On Todays Society :: essays research papers

Othello's Impact on Today's Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the late 1990's playwright, William Shakespeare's, Othello was successfully produced in the United States and around the world. One might wonder why this classical tragedy gained so much popularity with today's society. In my own opinion, this play was successful due to the themes and issues addressed. Societies still deal with these situations today. These themes and issues are a part of our lives and people can relate to them. This story's success was also due to the historical, sociological, and psychological function it plays. As well as it's impact on language and literature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The basic theme of Othello is man's struggle with his own psychological conflicts. Our antagonist, Iago lets us into his own demented mind using soliloquy. Shakespeare uses this method to let us know what he is thinking, feeling, and plotting. Most of us know an Iago. One of our own mortal enemies, our friend who all the while is stabbing us in the back. He is the portrayal of pure evil. Othello, our protagonist, stuggles with the common man's own fears. He suffers greatly his own hubris, he is so afraid of having his pride hurt. But his jealousy is the main conflict. Jealousy something each of us deal with daily. We have all fallen victim to the 'green-eyed monster' e.g., (1085). After all, what is one of the highest causes of divorce in the United States? Adultry. It doesn't seem to matter how good a person we are doubt always seems to creep through and take over. An example of this parody is when Othello is confronted by Iago concerning Desdemona's possible unf aithfulness. Othello states 'Villian be sure thou prove my love a whore, Be sure of it; give me the ocular proof.' e.g., (1090). His fear wont let him trust her completely. Yet, he won't believe it without proof. These are things we deal with today. Private detectives are thriving today with spouse's wanting proof of their husbands or wives unloyalty. The realism of this script is uncanny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fuctions of this play covers a large range. Othello provides us with a lesson in history, sociology, and psychology. The setting gives us a view into the lifestyles and culture of the era. The external stuggles that both Iago and Othello deal with lets us understand the sociology of the times. Iago is jealous of Cassio and wants his position of high social standing.

Scrolling Textures :: essays research papers

Scrolling Textures: Creating Flowing water. By Stupendous Man! First I would like to introduce scrolling textures since they haven't been addressed very well. I have obtained all the information I am sharing through trial and error and through dilegent searching of the web turning up pieces of the puzzle here and there. Now the infamous scrolling texture. First of all you have to have a texture in your wad file that has the word "SCROLL" as the first six letters. The rest can be what ever you please. (I read somewhere that you couldn't have an underscore but torntextures.wad uses one so I would imagine it works. If you don't feel like screwing with it just name your file without an underscore.) For this tutorial I am using "torntextures.wad" that is in the cstrike folder, and I am using the "scroll_water" texture that is 176x176 (I read also that scrolling textures can only be a certain size... but I haven't had any problems.. so experiment.) Note: Steps correspond with the Numbered Circles in the Pictures. Step 1: Select your texture using either the browse button or the pull down. "scroll_water" is selected. Good. Step 2 and 3: Click on the "Block Tool"(step 2) select the object type (step 3) and create your Block, or brush for that matter. I happend to make mine a rectangle 224W x 112l x 1h. It doesn't matter what the size is, as long as it fits your needs. It can be a cylinder, wedge, block, etc. Doesn't matter. (note: the more faces the more fun it will be to configure the directions. So be advised to stay away from a bunch of faces.) Step 4, 5 and 6: Click on the selection Tool.(step 4) In the 3D view or one of the 2D ones, select your brush.(step 5) Click the "toEntity" Button(step 6) Step 7: This menu will pop up when you complete step 6. This is the properties of the object. since we are tying it to an Entity this is where we choose the type of entity it will be. Step 8: This step is how we get our water to scroll. The class of our entity needs to be a "func_conveyor" from the pull down select this. (click to enlarge) Step 9: Now we are going to focus a few settings only within the Object Properties box. Starting with the "Render FX". I leave this normal. Step 10:

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

double standards and church and state :: essays research papers

Double standards are when there are a set of rules for one set of people and another set of rules for another set of people. How dose this pretain to the seperation of church and state do you ask? Relgion in school is my answer. We as students are not supposed to preach our religion in school. But along with that there is also a section within each of our text books that is all about religion. Teachers tell us that those are only classics and we have no reason to complain. Then they expect and incourage us to discuss about the a religiose storys within our text books. This act makes many students religios or not uncomfortable. I know this because I have asked several students how they felt about the issue. One student had told me how he had to go through a discussion an atheist student had brought up about his thoughts and beleifs on religion. This made the student i asked very uncomfortable and angery at the fact that the atheist student was preaching , as my friend felt, against my friends religion to his class. This act of discussing, as the teachers put it, made this sertain student very angery at the fact that the teacher can sit there and let the student preach against someones beliefs. Knowing that many people, not only the student I spoke to, believed in what the atheist was aposeing. So my friend was not the only one angery at that discussion and not showing it, but many were. This issue of discussion also gose other ways. For example, say a Jewish student was assigned ,along with the rest of the class, a religious short story on a Christian belief. When he returns to the school and the teacher starts a discussion on the story. The teacher explains the back ground of the religion and gets into great detail . To this Jewish student this sound alot like preching the Chrisian beliefs to the class. There could also be a different student in the class that had the same problem and he or she just happens to be a Buddist, Muslim, Mormand, ect. This explaining of the Christian religion could sound like preching to anyone with a different religous back ground. Anyone that can make a student quit reciteing the Pledge of Allegiance every day just because of the statement, "One nation under God".

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Electronic Communication Essay

The effect of electronic communication on everyday publication has increased the impact of mass communication, the change from verbally talking face to face and receiving and sending important things quicker. Some of the earliest forms of communication devices included runners and pigeons. With these communication devices, a message could take weeks before reaching its destination. Thanks to technology, all you have to do these days is send an email and your message will reach its destination within minutes. Email, social networking websites, instant messaging, cell phones and blogs are a few examples of communication devices that have been made possible by technology. Communication utilizing technology is referred to as â€Å"mediated communication.† Talking on a cell phone, sending an email and watching television all require a technological element to deliver the message. â€Å"Technology is constantly offering new methods for communication; therefore the amount of mediate d communication in our lives is expanding. The term â€Å"mass communication† refers to any message that is shared with a large audience.† (Lane). The message may be limited to a specific time or accessible over a large time period. Frequently, mass communication requires the use of some form of technology, especially for enduring messages. However, mediated communication is not always mass communication. Talking on a cell phone or sending a personal email does not involve providing a large number of people with a message. Receiving a mass email, watching the news or visiting an Internet site are all examples of mediated communication that is also mass communication. This has resulted in the emergence of the term â€Å"mediated mass communication.† Media convergence plays an important role in the evolution of mass communication. Media convergence occurs when established forms of communication technology merge to create new technologies offering new methods of com munication. The advent of the Internet allowed newspapers and magazines to merge with computer technology to increase the frequency and ease of reporting information to readers. E-readers, such as Amazon’s Kindle, combine the medium of books with both electronic display technology and cell phone-based Internet technology to offer convenient new methods of reading. As forms of media converge, previously unavailable methods for communication emerge, changing the way we send and receive messages. Every day we are exposed to numerous sources of mass communication. Television, billboards, Internet advertisements and various other sources of mediated mass communication pervade our lives daily. Due to this level of immersion, many communication scholars have studied the potential effects of media consumption on the lives of viewers. Two areas of affect emerged through these studies: cultures and individuals. George Gerbner’s Cultivation theory states that extensive exposure to television programming leads to cultures believing in increased violence and crime. Going further into cultural studies, critical media theorists believe that mass communication messages reinforce repressive ideas of power over those exposed to them. Theories regarding individual exposure to media tend to address the role viewers play in the message exchange. Uses and Gratifications theory maintains that we, as media consumers, have a choice over the media we consume and, therefore, exert power over what mass communication exists. Agenda Setting theory places more power over the media provider, suggesting that those providing the media message can determine what is considered important in our lives. Frequent examples of mediated mass communication in our lives, as well as theories that suggest the powerful effect they have on our lives, require us to be more discerning consumers of mediated mass communication. Considering the message, the technology being used to communicate it, the sources of the message and ourselves as the audience are all critical to successfully receiving mediated mass communication messages while minimizing the potential for harmful effects on our lives. Technology will continue to move forward, and with it so will the methods we have for communicating. The onset of social networking technologies ushered in another era of communication in our lives, not only increasing the ways that we can communicate with each other, but increasing the opportunities we have for receiving mass communication messages. As technology evolves, our society will continue to develop new ways to convey messages to each other. Taking time to consider the effects of technology on our ability to communicate, and the potential influences those methods will have on our lives, is crucial as we move forward.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Are Teen Age Years The Best Essay

Are Teenage year the best of your life? The teenage years are considered the best years of your life that is what magazine. I’m going to tell you why they are not. First you are always looked at to succeed by your parents, the lack of freedom we get and last but not least we are considered lairs and criminal among today’s society. One of the disadvantages of being a teenager is that we are always looked to succeed in school so you can do and be better then them. They also say if we fool around the future for us is going the extinguished. Other disadvantage of being a teen is the lack of freedom we get. Sure we might live in a free country but are we all free? The freedom that I’m talking about is staying up late, working and school. Staying up late I don’t know about you but I have to get home before my parents I can’t even be in front of my house to the wee hours of the morning. Working is another one we another one we can’t work on weekdays because my Dad says it will effect my school work how will he know if he doesn’t give it a chance. School is the worst of all we can’t even wear earrings because it’s not part of the uniform I understand that but the shaving is just stupid how could you order someone to do something that comes in naturally. It is like telling someone you have to get a hair cut every week. It’s violating our freedom of expressing. The worst part of being a teenager is that we are considered lairs and criminals among our society. For example if a bunch of teens walk into a variety store the owners automatically think we are going to rob them but the only thing we want is a little snack. The other thing is lying adults never believe teens why you ask? I don’t really know. For example a teacher and a student get into an argument and it’s the teacher’s fault the principle is going to believe the teacher because they don’t tell lies. So with the facts that I just stated that is why I have to say the teenage years are not what people say they are.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Media †Genre Conventions of a Horror Film Essay

Settings: The setting for a horror film is usually shot in isolated, abandoned locations for example at a haunted basement, attic or loft. This is because these settings create a sense of tension and an eerie atmosphere to the audience. The more dramatic and action packed scenes are usually shot in the night because people are more vulnerable at this time and is where more â€Å"scary† events are expected to happen, however footage can be taken anytime during the day. Examples of locations are: Graveyard, Churches, Hospitals, Basements, Attics and Lofts. Horror films are used to create a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on the audience’s primal fears. Themes: Horror films often feature scenes that startle the viewer. Themes like the supernatural, good vs evil and death are commonly used in this genre. Horror films often deal with the viewer’s nightmares, hidden fears, and terror of the unknown. Plots within the horror genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force, event, or person, commonly of supernatural origin, into the everyday world. The presence of characters like children are used because they come across as innocent to the viewer, when in the fact they hold a hidden agenda and so surprises the audience when they see the child possessed by an evil spirit. Other characters include ghosts, aliens, vampires, werewolves, curses, satanism, demons, gore, torture, vicious animals, monsters, zombies, cannibals, and serial killers. The hero (protagonist) is usually seen as the victim, the villain (antagonist) is usually of supernatural origin that scares the audience. Narrative structure and technicality: The narrative structure of horror films is commonly using Todorovs theory – Equilibrium, Disruption, Resolution and new equilibrium. This is used, so the beginning of the film explains who most of the characters are and gives the audience the chance to guess who the protagonist and antagonist are of the film before the action begins. Although the characters are usually faced with an obstacle that they have to overcome either alone or as a group. As the characters are in the process of resolving their problems it usually ends with a twist, and surprises the audience with the fact that the antagonist wasn’t who they anticipated it to be. The technical features of horror movies are high/low camera angles for effect and to show power of the characters, jump cuts to show quickening of time, diegetic sounds for realism, non-diegetic sounds for example monster sounds to scare the audience and low-key lighting to emphasize a shadow effect. The technique iconography is used in horror movies for example weapons (guns and knives) , blood to show a death or someone injured, religious symbols to emphasize religious backgrounds for instance satanic beliefs or Christianity, dark coloured clothing and costumes as well as dark and dominant make up for the antagonist character to emphasize a frightening image. Target audience of horror films: The horror film style has changed over time, but in 1996 Scream set off a â€Å"chain of copycats†, leading to a new variety of teenage, horror movies. This new approach to horror films began to gradually earn more and more income as seen in the progress of Scream movies. The importance that horror films have gained in the public and producers’ eyes is one obvious effect on our society. Horror films’ income expansion is only the first sign of the influences of horror flicks. The role of women and how women see themselves in the movie industry has been altered by the horror genre. In early times, horror films such as My Bloody Valentine (1981), Halloween (1978), and Friday the 13th (1980) pertained mostly to a male audience. Their main focus was to express the fear of women and show them as monsters; however, this ideal is no longer prevalent in horror films. Women have become not only the main audience and fans of horror films but also the main protagonists of contemporary horror films. The horror industry is producing more and more movies with the main protagonist being a female and having to evolve into a stronger person in order to overcome difficult obstacles. This main theme has drawn a larger audience of women movie-goers to the theaters in modern times than ever historically recorded. Movie makers also go as far as to integrate women relatable topics such as pregnancy, motherhood and babysitting jobs into their films in order to gain even more female oriented audiences

Saturday, September 14, 2019

The Greenhouse Effect

Have you ever thought, why some people have breathing problems in the cities? The answer is simple – air pollution. Air pollution is one of the most important problems in the world. How can we solve this environmental problem? Today factories produce more and more cars. Factories and cars are one of the biggest air pollutants. To begin with, drivers should use unleaded petrol. However, they use leaded petrol, as it is cheaper. The cars should be banned from city centres, as they cause big smog. Another serious problem is that there are no filters in factories.Moreover, factory managers save their money. They do not care about nature and what may happen with it. Some plants just cannot afford to buy filters, as they are too expensive. Pasekmes This factory fumes cause acid rain, smog and other environmental problems. As a result, more and more people are developing skin cancer. Also, many trees, plants and animals continually die out. Sprendimo budai mankind can solve air pollu tion problems, but they do not want. However, we should take care and try to safe the world, because we are a part of nature. So, if nature dies, we will not survive either.Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live. Air is 99. 9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. Human activities can release substances into the air, some of which can cause problems for humans, plants, and animals. There are several main types of pollution and well-known effects of pollution which are commonly discussed. These include smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and â€Å"holes† in the ozone layer. Each of these problems has serious implications for our health and well-being as well as for the whole environment.One type of air pollution is the release of particles into the air from burning fuel for energy. Diesel smoke is a good example of this particulate matter. The particles are very small pieces of matter measuring about 2. 5 microns or about . 0001 inches. This type of pollution is sometimes referred to as â€Å"black carbon† pollution. The exhaust from burning fuels in automobiles, homes, and industries is a major source of pollution in the air. Some authorities believe that even the burning of wood and charcoal in fireplaces and barbeques can release significant quanitites of soot into the air.Another type of pollution is the release of noxious gases, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and chemical vapors. These can take part in further chemical reactions once they are in the atmosphere, forming smog and acid rain. Pollution also needs to be considered inside our homes, offices, and schools. Some of these pollutants can be created by indoor activities such as smoking and cooking. In the United States, we spend about 80-90% of our time inside buildings, and so our exposure to harmful indoor pollutants can be serious. It is therefore important to consider both indoor and o utdoor air pollution.Smog is a type of large-scale outdoor pollution. It is caused by chemical reactions between pollutants derived from different sources, primarily automobile exhaust and industrial emissions. Cities are often centers of these types of activities, and many suffer from the effects of smog, especially during the warm months of the year. Additional information about smog and its effects are available from Environment Canada and the Air Quality Management District (AQMD) in southern California. For each city, the exact causes of pollution may be different.Depending on the geographical location, temperature, wind and weather factors, pollution is dispersed differently. However, sometimes this does not happen and the pollution can build up to dangerous levels. A temperature inversion occurs when air close to the earth is cooler than the air above it. Under these conditions the pollution cannot rise and be dispersed. Cities surrounded by mountains also experience trapping of pollution. Inversion can happen in any season. Winter inversions are likely to cause particulate and cabon monoxide pollution. Summer inversions are more likely to create smog.Another consequence of outdoor air pollution is acid rain. When a pollutant, such as sulfuric acid combines with droplets of water in the air, the water (or snow) can become acidified. The effects of acid rain on the environment can be very serious. It damages plants by destroying their leaves, it poisons the soil, and it changes the chemistry of lakes and streams. Damage due to acid rain kills trees and harms animals, fish, and other wildlife. The U. S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Environment Canada are among the organizations that are actively studying the acid rain problem.The Greenhouse Effect, also referred to as global warming, is generally believed to come from the build up of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is produced when fuels are burned. Plants convert carbon dioxide back to oxygen, but the release of carbon dioxide from human activities is higher than the world's plants can process. The situation is made worse since many of the earth's forests are being removed, and plant life is being damaged by acid rain. Thus, the amount of carbon dioxide in the air is continuing to increase.This buildup acts like a blanket and traps heat close to the surface of our earth. Changes of even a few degrees will affect us all through changes in the climate and even the possibility that the polar ice caps may melt. (One of the consequences of polar ice cap melting would be a rise in global sea level, resulting in widespread coastal flooding. ) Additional resources and information about the Greenhouse Effect and global warming are available from the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), the Science Education Academy of the Bay Area (SEABA) and the Society of Environmental Journalists (SEJ).Ozone depletion is another result of poll ution. Chemicals released by our activities affect the stratosphere , one of the atmospheric layers surrounding earth. The ozone layer in the stratosphere protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) from aerosol cans, cooling systems and refrigerator equipment removes some of the ozone, causing â€Å"holes†; to open up in this layer and allowing the radiation to reach the earth. Ultraviolet radiation is known to cause skin cancer and has damaging effects on plants and wildlife.Additional resources and information about the ozone depletion problem are available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Ozone ACTION. Many people spend large portion of time indoors – as much as 80-90% of their lives. We work, study, eat, drink and sleep in enclosed environments where air circulation may be restricted. For these reasons, some experts feel that more people suffer from the effects of ind oor air pollution than outdoor pollution. There are many sources of indoor air pollution.Tobacco smoke, cooking and heating appliances, and vapors from building materials, paints, furniture, etc. cause pollution inside buildings. Radon is a natural radioactive gas released from the earth, and it can be found concentrated in basements in some parts of the United States. Additional information about the radon problem is available from the USGS and the Minnesota Radon Project. Pollution exposure at home and work is often greater than outdoors. The California Air Resources Board estimates that indoor air pollutant levels are 25-62% greater than outside levels and can pose serious health problems.Both indoor and outdoor pollution need to be controlled and/or prevented. How can we prevent the damaging effection of pollution? Kas kelia pavoju-priezastys One of the most dangerous air pollutants is cigarette smoke. Restricting smoking is an important key to a healthier environment. Legislati on to control smoking is in effect in some locations, but personal exposure should be monitored and limited wherever possible. Additional information about the effects of â€Å"secondhand† cigarette smoke is available from the American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC) and Medicine On-line.Only through the efforts of scientists, business leaders, legislators, and individuals can we reduce the amount of air pollution on the planet. This challenge must be met by all of us in order to assure that a healthy environment will exist for ourselves and our children. Find out â€Å"What you can do to reduce air pollution†. Black carbon pollution is the release of tiny particles into the air from burning fuel for energy. Air pollution caused by such particulates has been a major problem since the beginning of the industrial revolution and the development of the internal combustion engine .Scientific publications dealing with the analysis of soot and smoke date back as early as 1896. Mankind has become so dependent on the burning of fossil fuels (petroleum products, coal, and natural gas) that the sum total of all combustion-related emissions now constitutes a serious and widespread problem, not only to human health, but also to the entire global environment. What is Air Pollution What Causes Air Pollution ———– facts sollution Smog hanging over cities is the most familiar and obvious form of air pollution.But there are different kinds of pollution—some visible, some invisible—that contribute to global warming. Generally any substance that people introduce into the atmosphere that has damaging effects on living things and the environment is considered air pollution. Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is the main pollutant that is warming Earth. Though living things emit carbon dioxide when they breathe, carbon dioxide is widely considered to be a pollutant when associated with cars, planes, power plants, and othe r human activities that involve the burning of fossil fuels such as gasoline and natural gas.In the past 150 years, such activities have pumped enough carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to raise its levels higher than they have been for hundreds of thousands of years. Other greenhouse gases include methane—which comes from such sources as swamps and gas emitted by livestock—and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were used in refrigerants and aerosol propellants until they were banned because of their deteriorating effect on Earth's ozone layer. Another pollutant associated with climate change is sulfur dioxide, a component of smog. Sulfur dioxide and closely related chemicals are known rimarily as a cause of acid rain. But they also reflect light when released in the atmosphere, which keeps sunlight out and causes Earth to cool. Volcanic eruptions can spew massive amounts of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, sometimes causing cooling that lasts for years. In fact, vol canoes used to be the main source of atmospheric sulfur dioxide; today people are. Industrialized countries have worked to reduce levels of sulfur dioxide, smog, and smoke in order to improve people's health. But a result, not predicted until recently, is that the lower sulfur dioxide levels may actually make global warming worse.Just as sulfur dioxide from volcanoes can cool the planet by blocking sunlight, cutting the amount of the compound in the atmosphere lets more sunlight through, warming the Earth. This effect is exaggerated when elevated levels of other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap the additional heat. Most people agree that to curb global warming, a variety of measures need to be taken. On a personal level, driving and flying less, recycling, and conservation reduces a person’s â€Å"carbon footprint†Ã¢â‚¬â€the amount of carbon dioxide a person is responsible for putting into the atmosphere.On a larger scale, governments are taking measures to lim it emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. One way is through the Kyoto Protocol, an agreement between countries that they will cut back on carbon dioxide emissions. Another method is to put taxes on carbon emissions or higher taxes on gasoline, so that people and companies will have greater incentives to conserve energy and pollution. Air pollution is a phenomenon wherein the release of harmful chemicals in the atmosphere results in contamination of air, and makes it unsuitable for various lifeforms on the planet.It is considered to be one of the most serious environmental issues in the world. If air pollution statistics compiled by the World Health Organization (WHO) are to be believed, more than 3 million people in the world die due to some health problems related to environmental air pollution every year. That's not at all surprising, considering that the harmful effects of air pollution range from various health disorders in humans to destruction of the ozone la yer of the atmosphere. All being said, our priority now has to be prevention of air pollution and efforts need to start at the very grass root level, i. e. rom our side. Before we move on to the details of these ‘efforts', let's go through some important air pollution facts which emphasize on the need of its prevention. Why do we Need to Prevent Air Pollution? Air pollution is caused when various chemical substances are released in the Earth's atmosphere, as a result of some natural occurrences or some human activities. Natural causes of air pollution include volcanic eruptions, release of methane gas, wildfires etc; while the anthropogenic causes of the same include use of automobiles, power plants, use of solvents, waste deposition, use of nuclear weapons and a lot more.The list of chemical substances which have the tendency to contaminate the air include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, ammonia, etc. The high concentration of these substances in the atmosphere makes humans and animals more vulnerable to their hazardous effects. In fact, the effects of air pollution are much more intense than we can possibly imagine. For instance, studies reveal that as many as 500,000 people die from cardiopulmonary disease, which is caused as a result of inhaling fine particles in the atmosphere, in the United States alone every year.Natural hazards such as global warming and acid rain are also associated with air pollution to a significant extent. All these harmful effects call for the implementation of various measures for preventing air pollution, and the earlier we do it – the better it is for us. Some recent power plant designs minimize environmental impact by pumping colder water from further offshore, warming it to the temperature of the seawater surrounding the plant site, and then releasing it. This method minimizes the impact on the surrounding communities, but it still shocks hose eggs, larve, plank ton, and other organisms that are sucked through the power plant with the cooling water. The Living Water Water, a substance that is so often taken for granted yet is such an intricate part of our very existence. In the essay, Becoming Water, by Susan Zwinger, we are asked to make ourselves one with the waves. But why? How can a substance that has no taste or color be so important to life? Like the bonds people form with each other, water has bonds to all aspects of life. â€Å"Let them know in their viens that you both are connected everywhere. † (Zwinger, 243).These bonds are constantly being broken by our irresponsible actions. More precisely, by our tendencies to pollute. Many of us have sat and listened to lectures on how important water is to everything from humans to trees. Eight glasses a day is the recommended daily amount that should be consumed by humans. The human race depends on water for a variety of things. It is used in our hygiene, helps the body to maintain a constant temperature, flushes unwanted items from our systems, and of course provides us with many recreational activities, from swimming to water balloon fights.Indirectly, we are dependent on water because it allows vegetation to grow and animals to live. Also, remember that statistic that sixty percent of our body is water? Without water, there would be no us. For this reason, water has a bond to the human race. Water also has a bond to the land. It allows plants to grow. In fact, without water, try to get something to grow. You will probably end up with a beautifully dry, yellow looking plant. Many beautiful things like flowers, green grass, and tall trees would be nonexistent without water. Like humans, these living things are also dependent on water.The earth is two-thirds water and one-third land. â€Å"View the waterways of the earth as dendritic viens. † (239). Water is like a bridge connecting one place to another. â€Å"Swell up under fishermen in Viet Nam, care ss skin divers in the Caribean, strand a cruise vessel in Glacier bay. † (240). Water also has the power to destroy the land through storms. To demonstrate this power, Zwinger asks us to â€Å"Become fascinatingly deadly. Travel further north toward the poles, go to the extremes. † (240). From flooding to hurricanes, water can change the land and lives in the blink of an eye.This power of destruction is not something to be feared, it allows for the land to rebuild and start over. It is like an unbreakable contract linking the land to the water. I feel that Zwinger was trying to make us realize how important water is by writing Becoming Water. She points out the places which water travels and the things that it â€Å"sees†. â€Å"You have a pulse, the waves, and a metabolism, your food chain. † (242). Zwinger makes a nonliving thing take on human characteristics to stress her point. â€Å"A personality, a character, a conciousness, and a sense of purpose. † (242). I have to agree with her.All to often, we take for granted something that ensures our existence. We allow our waste to be thrown into the our water supplies. Motorized vehicles churn up the sediment from the bottom of a water source causing the water to become very turbid. Some industries even dispose of harmful chemicals into our water sources. In my home town, we have a lake named Crystal Lake. It is a spring fed body of water so, theoretically it should be relatively clean. On the contrary, the lake is disgustingly dirty. Many of the fish have died and swimmers itch has become a common aliment of lake's many swimmers.The problem has been attributed to the increased use of motor boats on the lake and the increased population that uses the lake. Another example of a water source filled with pollution is that big river called the Mississippi. Have you ever tried to look to the bottom of the river? Good luck. The river is so turbid you would be lucky to see one foot do wn. Besides the many gambling boats, the Mississippi is used to transport things by means of barges. Barges are very heavy; their weight causes the sediment from the bottom of the river to be churned up, hence the turbidity.Another problem is that things fall off barges into the water contaminating it even more. The Mississippi, like the lake in my hometown, has also been blessed with an ever increasing amount of motor vehicles on the river. These motor vehicles also add to the amount of sediment that is churned up. These are examples of how our society has allowed a precious resource to be wasted. So, after reading Zwinger's essay, I found it to be a reminder of how important water is to my existence. Water has bonds to both the land and all living things. Becoming Water was a wake up call.It put us, the reader, in a perspective we had probably never thought about. We were able to experience everything water experiences. This new perspective was a very interesting and original way for Zwinger to express her point of view. By making the reader â€Å"become† water, she allowed for a first hand view of the importance of water. By becoming more responsible and more aware of problems around us, we will be able to preserve something that is essential for our existence. Work Cited: Zwinger, Susan. â€Å"Becoming Water†. In American Nature Writing. Selected by John A. Murray. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1997. 38-243. cituoti ‘’Environment, Pollution and the Living Water. † 123HelpMe. com. 16 Apr 2012       . The Population Explosion According to the Population Reference Bureau, in 1991, there were about 5. 4 billion people in the world. The global birth to death rate was 27/9, meaning that for every person that dies, three more babies are born. From 1990 to 1991, the population increased by 95 million people, and now has continued to grow at that rate. This may appear to be no danger, but if one were to think of it as a pond doubling its amount of lily pads for 40 days, they'd see it differently.It would start out with one lily pad, the next day it has two, and on the 39th day it is half filled. However, in one day, on the 40th day, it will be completely filled. The Earth's population is doubling about every 40 years. We don't want to wait until the 79th year to fix our problem or else humankind will not have enough time to change the inevitable obstacles that come with overpopulation. In his book, The Population Explosion , Paul Ehrlich, a famous population controlist, came up with the equation I = PAT.He believes the impact on the environment is equal to the population multiplied by the affluence (meaning the amount of energy and food supply the population consumes) multiplied by the amount of destructive technology a country has. He showed that the impact is directly affected by the population. Therefore with a larger population, there is a greater impact on the Earth's water, air, and land. A commo n problem that people think is associated with overpopulation is running out of space to live, but there are also many other environmental predicaments that it causes.More people use more cars, need more firewood, drink more water. This causes more air pollution, more land ruined, and more water to disappear. Therefore, population control is necessary on an international level in order to protect our environment . There are experts who believe that population control is not needed such as in Singapore. The government in Singapore decided that it would be better for the country to grow in population so that they are able to help their economy. Many less developed countries promote population growth because they want their economy to grow.The experts who believe that it is better for us to let the population increase or decrease on its own also think that overpopulation will never become a problem. Justification for this argument is that humans will adjust themselves to the growing po pulation because they are a species that are able to think, make decisions, and find solutions when they encounter a problem Advocates for this argument think that there is no need to worry about environmental problems because there is or will be technology to fix the problems.As for with the limited amount of resources, they believe that there would be more people to think of new ways to make it easier or faster to get newer and more food and energy resources. Even during this time period, scientists are trying to discover a new way for people to live elsewhere such as under the sea. Many people believe that overpopulation will cause and has caused many environmental problems, but they don't think telling families how many children they are allowed to have is the way to control the population.However, there has not been any other plausible suggestion on how to lower population growth, so limiting families to two children is the only solution. The worry about overpopulation started when it was noticed that many of the earth's resources and environment were being hurt. It was traced back to three revolutions that humans populations had grown, where at first it didn't effect the environment, but later on with more advanced technology a lot of damage was done. The graph on the top of the next page shows the world's population growth for 1025 years.The information is from the Population Reference Bureau in 1989. It shows the population is growing geometrically, and will continue to do so unless population control is started. World Population 1000 AD to 2025 AD The first revolution was the evolutionary revolution, about 100,000 years ago during the Ice Age. These homosapiens had larger, more culturally elaborate communities than the earlier human forms. They hunted on a large scale, and as the food supply increased, so did their population. At the end of the Ice Age, there were about 5 million humans. The second revolution occurred around 8000 B.C. and was called t he Agricultural Revolution. At this time, humans were able to have a reliable source of food at a location of their choice. This was when villages and towns had started to form, and were able to store more food they needed at the time. This caused birth rates to go up, and families to get larger. Up to this point, only 6,000 years after the discovery of farming, the population increased by at least 4000%. Each century afterwards the population grew a little faster, with certain setbacks like during the Black Death, an outbreak of the bubonic plague.This killed a quarter to a third of the people in Europe during the 14th century, but still in 1650, the world population had grown to 500 million. It was the third revolution, a century later, that really increased the population and hurt the environment. This was the Industrial Revolution. During this time coal, petroleum, natural gases, and other new energy sources started allowing the world to have factories, railroads, automobiles, c hemical and plastic industries, and automated industries. It was also during this time that the death rate had been lowered, meaning people were able to live longer.This revolution introduced many positive things such as pest-control chemicals, modern sanitation, and medicine. These made life expectancy increase and infant mortality decrease. From 1750, when the Industrial Revolution started, to 1991, the life expectancy increased from 25 years to 65 years, and the infant mortality rate decreased from 400 to 68 per thousand births. It was during this Industrial Revolution that environmental damage started to occur. In Greece, they had worried about soil erosion from too many trees being cut down in their mountainous region. Deforestation also caused water runoffs, flood, and droughts in China.In Rome, the air and water had been dangerously polluted. In addition it was at this time that negative things started to occur such as oil spills in sea, automobile exhaust making too much smo g, and chloroflourocarbon gases that destroy the ozone layer being released into the atmosphere. The landfills were full and water sources polluted because of toxic waste from plastics and chemical manufacture. It was an increase of population that caused these things such as using up more landfill space, releasing more chloroflourocarbon gases, and more toxic waste to be dumped out in the ocean.Overpopulation is degrading the Earth's oceans and other water sources, and by doing so will not only lessen our water supply for the future, it will also hurt the animals living in the water. It is obvious that we need water to survive, but it will not do any good if the water is polluted. If there is a pond that is being degraded, when the pollution is released slowly, the microorganisms in the pond could break down the pollution. However, if it was released all at once, the pond can not get rid of the pollution fast enough and the water becomes degraded.With fewer people there is less pol lution released, leaving more time for the pollution to be degraded. (Randers, 257) In aquifers or natural underground reservoirs such as in the Gaza Strip between Israel and Egypt, the natural water has been depleted by more than 50 percent. As there is less and less natural water in them, more and more salty water from the Mediterranean Sea seep in contaminating the water. Under the Great Plains in the United States, the Ogallala Aquifer, that supplies one-fifth of the crop land in the United States with water, was half emptied in the late 1980's.If this aquifer is completely drained it may collapse causing sinkholes in the land above, and never allowing it to be refilled again. Not only will low water supplies affect a human necessity, it could also cause â€Å"water wars. † Ethiopia, for instance, wants to build dams along the upper part of the Nile river. This action, however, could prevent enough water from getting down to other countries that rely on the Nile such as E gypt. Also the Turkish government wants to build 21 dams along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.This strategy would cut 40 percent of the water flow from those rivers to Syria and 80 percent of the water flow to Iraq. Even though about two thirds of the Earth is water, not all of it is available for use. A lot of it is not even in the places where it is needed most. Between 1950 and 1980 in the United States, water use increased 150 percent, while the population grew by only 50 percent. In 1975, 19 countries in the developing world did not have enough renewable water resources, and it is expected that by the year 2000, that number will increase to 29 countries.By 2025, at least 37 nations could experience a severe demand for water. As said by the Population Institute's Werner Fornos in 1991, â€Å"The water crises of the 1990s will make the oil crises of the 1970's pale in comparison. † ( Stefoff, 67) Besides water, overpopulation is polluting the air we breath, and causing ma ny unwanted results such as the greenhouse effect, acid rain, and the depletion of the ozone layer. The greenhouse effect had probably started around the industrial revolution when a large amount of carbon dioxide was released.These gases build up around the earth's outer atmosphere turning the earth into a greenhouse. What happens in a greenhouse is heat is allowed in, hits the ground and reflects back out. But instead of escaping back out into space, it is trapped inside the Earth's atmosphere, raising the Earth's average temperature. This greenhouse effect affects the temperature, which inadvertantly raises sea levels causing natural disasters such as hurricanes and flooding, and heat waves not allowing crops to grow properly. (Stefoff, 39) Along with the greenhouse effect, there is the deteriorating ozone layer.The ozone layer regulates the quantity of UV light from coming down to the earth's surface from the sun. It has started to deteriorate from chloroflourocarbons (CFC's) be ing emitted into the air. These chemicals are found as fluids in air conditioning systems, as aerosol propellants, and as industrial solvents. Scientists say that each chlorine atom that is a part of a CFC compound can destroy up to 100,000 ozone atoms. However, even if we stop releasing CFC's into the air, it can remain in the atmosphere for 50 to 100 years and continue to degrade the ozone layer.With less of an ozone layer, more UV light enters the atmosphere and causes skin diseases such as skin cancer. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, the degradation of the ozone layer will cause 12 million people to develop skin cancer within the next 50 years. Significantly, more than 200,000 of those cases will be fatal. (Keeling, 4) Acid rain is a direct result of air pollution which occurs when too many people are releasing toxins into the air. Fossil fuel that is burned is released into the air as a gas and reacts with sunlight, oxygen and moisture in the atmosphere.Thi s changes compounds like sulfur dioxide into sulfuric acid, and nitrogen oxide into nitric oxide. It precipitates to the ground and pollutes water and the land, killing fish, damaging forests and crops, and corroding metals. Main causes of air pollution are the needs of too many people for the use of cars and industrial plants, both which release many harmful fumes into the air. An increasing population leads to more CFC's emitted into the air from the car's air conditioning. Also when the cars are not able to be used anymore, they are taken to the junk yard, and occupy more landfill space.Furthermore, cars have damaged terrain when vacationers go over more land with off-road vehicles (Bouvier, 51). Again, increased usage of energy produced by oil, coal and natural gas-fired power plants will have a negative effect on the world's air. A larger population also increases usage of air conditioning when it becomes warmer. Air conditioners cause more carbon to be emitted, heat to be trap ped in the atmosphere, and UV light to enter in. Likewise, if there are less people, less air conditioning is used, and global warming and a deteriorating ozone layer could be prevented.According to the United States Nations Population Fund, they predict the developing countries will double their carbon dioxide emissions by 2025. What the population is causing, air pollution, is harmful to them. With air pollution, humans, plants, and animals do not have clean air to breath. Air is one of the necessities to life, and the cleaner it is, the better. As well as the Earth's water and air, there is another part of the environment that is a threat of too many people. Overpopulation is destroying the land and therefore could end the life of all the creatures onEarth. There are many examples that there is not enough land. For instance, there is not enough landfill space. Every year, the United States alone creates 13 billion tons of waste. This is 50 tons a person. How can there be enough r oom for all this trash? An example of this is in the state of Ohio. In 1988, Ohio started running out of landfill space. To solve this problem the government decided to make it easier to open new larger landfills. This allowed the owners of the landfills to lower their prices so businesses will want to use their landfills.Doing this could make people recycle less, take up more landfill space, and ruin the earth more. (Overpopulation, 3) Overpopulation also threatens the Earth's agricultural resources. An example of this is desertification of land. It occurs when fertile land is turned into infertile land. This can happen from overgrazing of cattle as in the southwestern United States, or erosion where the topsoil is carried away. Even irrigation can cause desertification if too much water is used, flooding the land, and not allowing crops to grow there anymore.Desertification is caused mostly by a growing population. More people need more food, causing more land to be used unproperl y. The most serious desertification occurs in places such as China, India, and Africa, all places with large, fast growing populations. Each year about 82,000 square miles, the same size as the state of Kansas, of the earth's surface is made useless by desertification. According to the United Nations Environment Program, by the mid-1980's 13 million square miles of the earth's surface had lost 25 percent of its productivity and 6 million square miles lost 50 ercent its productivity. Also in the United States, at least one-fifth of its land (not including Alaska and Hawaii) is desertified or is threatened by desertification. A third example of the deterioration of the Earth's land because of too large a population is deforestation. The Population Institute and the United Nations estimate that half of all the remaining forests will be destroyed by the year 2000. Forests are cut down for humankind's demand of fuelwood, agricultural space, paper products, and more space to live. However , forests are needed for more than human needs.They stabilize global weather, and when large amounts are cut down soil erosion and siltation of rivers occurs. They also regulate the amount of carbon dioxide let out into the atmosphere. When they are cut down and burned, not only are they not able to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released anymore, they increase the amount released because burning wood makes carbon dioxide (Keelings, 2). Rainfall is absorbed by trees and other vegetations into the ground, and then flows to springs, streams, and aquifers. With no forests, rainfall flows without being absorbed and aquifers and streams are not refilled.This, then, causes water shortages and droughts. Studies conducted by the United Nations show that between 1973 and 1988, 79 percent of total deforestation was a direct result of population growth. This is greatly due to the fact that 70 percent of all families in developing nations, which is about two billion people worldwide, rely on firewood as their only fuel. If they stop using firewood as their fuel they will have to use fuels that release gases to pollute the air. Already developed countries such as the United States also account for deforestation.In Canada, at least one million hectares are cut annually, and in Siberia, the rate of deforestation can be up to four million hectares annually, which is twice the rate of Brazil. An example of land being destroyed by overpopulation happened in the Sahel, a place along the sothern border of the Sahara desert in Africa. It is not a true desert, usually receiving 10 to 30 inches of rainfall a year. However, in the 1950's and 1960's, it received a high amount of rainfall. Also during this time the population increased greatly. For example, in Niger, one country that is a art of the Sahel, the population increased by 1. 3 million in a 14 year period. Everything seemed fine until in 1968 when a 20 year drought started. This affected everyone, but especially the nom ads who travel with herds of livestock. The land became infertile, the soil was carried away by the wind in enormous amounts, and any vegetation grown was either burned for fuel or eaten by the starving animals. Also because there was no vegetation to absorb the rainfall, the water quickly ran off, carrying more topsoil with it. Even now, much of the Sahel is still in famine.With more and more land being destroyed as the population grows larger and larger, there is not enough room for other species. The larger animals that need to travel over hundreds of square miles are left with less and less room as each town grows. Some animals such as frogs, are slowly decreasing in number because of pollution, which is caused by humans, that affect their eggs. Animals that live in the forest are also slowly disappearing because even though you can replant the trees you cut down, the animals that live there can not be brought back.An example of this is the Eastern migratory songbirds in Central America and Northeastern United States. Finally, it is estimated that each year 27,000 species vanish forever, meaning three plants, animals, insects or microorganism disappear every hour. Scientists estimate that about one fifth of all life forms will be gone in the next thirty years. None of them being named, and even less being studied or understood. The key to the answer to a problem could be lost forever. (Keelings, 2) Overpopulation is not a new issue.Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean is an example of when population control was needed, but was not used; the end results being disastrous. Around 1600, Easter Island had 7,000 Polynesians. They used the trees on the island for fishing boats and housing, and soon all the trees were cut down. When that occurred they were forced to live in caves. Soon they started to group together to fight with each other for resources, and even practiced cannibalism. When the Europeans arrived there in 1722, there were only 3,000 Polynesians lef t.Another example is of Mauritius, a tropical island nation in the Indian ocean. Fortunately they have a happier ending than the Polynesians. On this island there were as many people as in Bangladesh. The country had a balance of a good economy and ecosystem. The government officials of the nation had noticed that many ebony forests had been cut down causing erosion and the extinction of the dodo bird. Because of this they decided that they should set up population control and educate the people about stabilizing population growth. Now it is one of the most prosperous countries in Africa.As Richard Grove, an environmental historian of Cambridge University, said, â€Å"I would be much less pessimistic about the future if the rest of the world could act like Mauritius. † (Linden,70) It should be known that population control will not end all the problems mentioned above, but they would definitely allow more time for them to be fixed. Also, population control helps alienate envi ronment problems. The alternative, letting the population grow indefinitely could only hurt the environment. Overpopulation is a negative solution for everyone; plants, animals, land, water, and humans.According to the Index of Human Suffering in 1987, sponsored by the population Crisis committee, countries with a larger population increase also had higher suffering. The Earth's environment is finite and can be destroyed if we do not start population control. Measures need to be taken now to correct the current situation which includes the increase of deforestation and desertification, the decrease of farmland, more water pollution, the deteriorating ozone layer, and the greenhouse effect. Additionally, three new kinds of plants, animals or other species disappear every hour.It is evident that there is no way our population can keep growing at the rate it does now without severely negatively impacting our environment. We should learn from the mistakes of the people on Easter Island, and the solution the people on Mauritius used. It is our obligation to keep the environment in good condition for future generations. As most population scientists say, â€Å"Whatever your cause, it's a lost cause – unless we come to grips with overpopulation. † â€Å"Pollution and Environment Essay – The Population Explosion. â€Å"